計算機概論期末報告呦~~~
http://www.slideshare.net/NKNUITE410071022/ss-13150430
2012年3月29日 星期四
電腦元件介紹
Motherboard:
In personal computers, a motherboard is the central printed circuit board (PCB) in many modern computers and holds many of the crucial components of the system, providing connectors for other peripherals. The motherboard is sometimes alternatively known as the mainboard, system board, or, on Apple computers, the logic board. It is also sometimes casually shortened to mobo.
CPU:
The central processing unit (CPU) is the portion of a computer system that carries out the instructions of a computer program, to perform the basic arithmetical, logical, and input/output operations of the system.
CPU cache:
A CPU cache is a cache used by the central processing unit of a computer to reduce the average time to access memory.
CPU architecture(CPU ALU) (簡宏蒼49971002)
In computer engineering, microarchitecture (sometimes abbreviated to µarch or uarch), also called computer organization, is the way a given instruction set architecture (ISA) is implemented on a processor. A given ISA may be implemented with different microarchitectures.[1] Implementations might vary due to different goals of a given design or due to shifts in technology.[2] Computer architecture is the combination of microarchitecture and instruction set design.
BUS:
Refers to standardized computer components to exchange data,a common way for components to provide data transfer and control logic. From another perspective, if the motherboard is a city bus is like a city bus, in accordance with fixed routings, transfer back and forth non-stop operation of the bit. These are only responsible for the transmission line at the same time a bit. Therefore, we must at the same time using multiple lines to transmit more data, while the bus at the same time the number of data transmission known as the width, in bits, the greater of the bus width, the more good transmission performance.
暫存器 Register:
Hardware register, a placeholder for information about some hardware condition. Processor register, a component inside a central processing unit for storing information. Quantum register, the quantum mechanical analogue of a classical processor register. Register signaling, in telecommunications Status register, a collection of flag bits for a micro-processor.
記憶體memory:
In computing, memory refers to the physical devices used to store programs (sequences of instructions) or data (e.g. program state information) on a temporary or permanent basis for use in a computer or other digital electronic device. The term primary memory is used for the information in physical systems which are fast (i.e. RAM), as a distinction from secondary memory, which are physical devices for program and data storage which are slow to access but offer higher memory capacity. Primary memory stored on secondary memory is called "virtual memory".
USB:
Universal Serial Bus (USB) is an industry standard developed in the mid-1990s that defines the cables, connectors and communications protocols used in a bus for connection, communication and power supply between computers and electronic devices.
USB was designed to standardize the connection of computer peripherals, such as keyboards, pointing devices, digital cameras, printers, portable media players, disk drives and network adapters to personal computers, both to communicate and to supply electric power. It has become commonplace on other devices, such as smartphones, PDAs and video game consoles.[2] USB has effectively replaced a variety of earlier interfaces, such as serial and
parallel ports, as well as separate power chargers for portable devices.
RAM:
Random access memory (RAM) is a form of computer data storage. Today, it takes the form of integrated circuits that allow stored data to be accessed in any order with a worst case performance of constant time.
ROM:
Read-only memory, a type of storage media that is used in computers and other electronic devices.
Adapter card:
The expansion card (also expansion board, adapter card or accessory card) in computing is a printed circuit board that can be inserted into an expansion slot of a computer motherboard or backplane to add functionality to a computer system via the expansion bus.
CMOS:
Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) is a technology for constructing integrated circuits. CMOS technology is used in micro processors, microcontrollers, static RAM, and other digital logic circuits. CMOS technology is also used for several analog circuits such as image sensors (CMOS sensor), data converters, and highly integrated transceivers for many types of communication.
Pipeline transport
Pipeline transport is the transportation of goods through a pipe. Most commonly, liquids and gases are sent, but pneumatic tubes that transport solid capsules using compressed air are also used.
As for gases and liquids, any chemically stable substance can be sent through a pipeline. Therefore sewage, slurry, water, or even beer pipelines exist; but arguably the most valuable are those transporting fuels: oil (oleoduct), natural gas (gas grid), and biofuels.
Heat sink :
In electronic systems, a heat sink is a passive component that cools a device by dissipating heat into the surrounding air. Heat sinks are used to cool electronic components such as high-power semiconductor devices, and optoelectronic devices such as higher-power lasers and light emitting diodes (LEDs). Heat sinks are heat exchangers such as those used in refrigeration and air conditioning systems, or the radiator in an automobile.
Arithmetic Logic Unit
In computing, an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a digital circuit that performs arithmetic and logical operations. The ALU is a fundamental building block of the central processing unit of a computer, and even the simplest microprocessors contain one for purposes such as maintaining timers. The processors found inside modern CPUs and graphics processing units (GPUs) accommodate very powerful and very complex ALUs; a single component may contain a number of ALUs.
In personal computers, a motherboard is the central printed circuit board (PCB) in many modern computers and holds many of the crucial components of the system, providing connectors for other peripherals. The motherboard is sometimes alternatively known as the mainboard, system board, or, on Apple computers, the logic board. It is also sometimes casually shortened to mobo.
CPU:
The central processing unit (CPU) is the portion of a computer system that carries out the instructions of a computer program, to perform the basic arithmetical, logical, and input/output operations of the system.
CPU cache:
A CPU cache is a cache used by the central processing unit of a computer to reduce the average time to access memory.
CPU architecture(CPU ALU) (簡宏蒼49971002)
In computer engineering, microarchitecture (sometimes abbreviated to µarch or uarch), also called computer organization, is the way a given instruction set architecture (ISA) is implemented on a processor. A given ISA may be implemented with different microarchitectures.[1] Implementations might vary due to different goals of a given design or due to shifts in technology.[2] Computer architecture is the combination of microarchitecture and instruction set design.
BUS:
Refers to standardized computer components to exchange data,a common way for components to provide data transfer and control logic. From another perspective, if the motherboard is a city bus is like a city bus, in accordance with fixed routings, transfer back and forth non-stop operation of the bit. These are only responsible for the transmission line at the same time a bit. Therefore, we must at the same time using multiple lines to transmit more data, while the bus at the same time the number of data transmission known as the width, in bits, the greater of the bus width, the more good transmission performance.
暫存器 Register:
Hardware register, a placeholder for information about some hardware condition. Processor register, a component inside a central processing unit for storing information. Quantum register, the quantum mechanical analogue of a classical processor register. Register signaling, in telecommunications Status register, a collection of flag bits for a micro-processor.
記憶體memory:
In computing, memory refers to the physical devices used to store programs (sequences of instructions) or data (e.g. program state information) on a temporary or permanent basis for use in a computer or other digital electronic device. The term primary memory is used for the information in physical systems which are fast (i.e. RAM), as a distinction from secondary memory, which are physical devices for program and data storage which are slow to access but offer higher memory capacity. Primary memory stored on secondary memory is called "virtual memory".
USB:
Universal Serial Bus (USB) is an industry standard developed in the mid-1990s that defines the cables, connectors and communications protocols used in a bus for connection, communication and power supply between computers and electronic devices.
USB was designed to standardize the connection of computer peripherals, such as keyboards, pointing devices, digital cameras, printers, portable media players, disk drives and network adapters to personal computers, both to communicate and to supply electric power. It has become commonplace on other devices, such as smartphones, PDAs and video game consoles.[2] USB has effectively replaced a variety of earlier interfaces, such as serial and
parallel ports, as well as separate power chargers for portable devices.
RAM:
Random access memory (RAM) is a form of computer data storage. Today, it takes the form of integrated circuits that allow stored data to be accessed in any order with a worst case performance of constant time.
ROM:
Read-only memory, a type of storage media that is used in computers and other electronic devices.
Adapter card:
The expansion card (also expansion board, adapter card or accessory card) in computing is a printed circuit board that can be inserted into an expansion slot of a computer motherboard or backplane to add functionality to a computer system via the expansion bus.
CMOS:
Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) is a technology for constructing integrated circuits. CMOS technology is used in micro processors, microcontrollers, static RAM, and other digital logic circuits. CMOS technology is also used for several analog circuits such as image sensors (CMOS sensor), data converters, and highly integrated transceivers for many types of communication.
Pipeline transport
Pipeline transport is the transportation of goods through a pipe. Most commonly, liquids and gases are sent, but pneumatic tubes that transport solid capsules using compressed air are also used.
As for gases and liquids, any chemically stable substance can be sent through a pipeline. Therefore sewage, slurry, water, or even beer pipelines exist; but arguably the most valuable are those transporting fuels: oil (oleoduct), natural gas (gas grid), and biofuels.
Heat sink :
In electronic systems, a heat sink is a passive component that cools a device by dissipating heat into the surrounding air. Heat sinks are used to cool electronic components such as high-power semiconductor devices, and optoelectronic devices such as higher-power lasers and light emitting diodes (LEDs). Heat sinks are heat exchangers such as those used in refrigeration and air conditioning systems, or the radiator in an automobile.
Arithmetic Logic Unit
In computing, an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a digital circuit that performs arithmetic and logical operations. The ALU is a fundamental building block of the central processing unit of a computer, and even the simplest microprocessors contain one for purposes such as maintaining timers. The processors found inside modern CPUs and graphics processing units (GPUs) accommodate very powerful and very complex ALUs; a single component may contain a number of ALUs.
數字系統
正負整數表示法
帶符號大小是一種簡易的數值表示法，假設使用 n 個位元，那麼最左邊的位元則是表示整數正負的符號。0 表示負數，1 表示負數（又稱符號位元）
假設使用 8 位元表示正負整數（28＝256），總共會產生256種情況，數字範圍由0～255。且最左位元0代表正數，1代表負數，負數與正數間互為2的補數，則可表示之範圍為 -128～+127，即-2ｎ-1～+2ｎ-1。
•最左邊的位元是符號位元
•符號位元0 代表正數
•符號位元1 代表負數
•+18 = 00010010
• -18 = 10010010
補數
在計算機執行算術運算時，對於減法運算，為求簡化電路的設計起見，均使用補數(Complement) 的原理，使減法運算利用補數及加法運算來取代
2'S補數之優點
•最常用來代表正負整數的表示法
•0只有一個表示法
•容易數學運算
•容易取負值
加減法
加法以正常二進位加法進行，而減法則需先取負職再加上這個負值
加減法硬體方塊圖
乘法
範例
1011 被乘數 (1110)
x 1101 乘數 (1310)
1011 部分乘積1
0000 部分乘積2(左移一次)
1011 部分乘積3(左移二次)
+1011 部分乘積4(左移三次)
10001111 乘積(14310)
注意:如果乘數位元為1，則複製被乘數。
:如果乘數位元為0，則置放零。
: 結果需要二倍的位元長度
乘法硬體方塊圖
浮點數
浮點數（float）又稱作浮點數，是屬於有理數中某特定子集的數的數字表示，在計算機中用以近似表示任意某個實數。具體來說，這個實數由一個整數或定點數（即尾數）乘以某個基數（計算機中通常是2）的整數次冪得到，這種表示方法類似於基數為10的科學記數法。
二、八、、十、十六進位之轉換
二、八、十六進位轉十進位
12345.67810 = 1 x 104 + 2 x 103 + 3 x 102 +4 x 101 + 5 x 100 + 6 x 10-1 +7 x 10-2 + 8 x 10-3
1101010.112 = 1 x 26 + 1 x 25 + 0 x 24 +1 x 23 + 0 x 22 + 1 x 21 +0 x 20 + 1 x 2-1 + 1 x 2-2
以此類推八進位和十六進位意義相同只是將指數的底數分別改為8與16
將八或十六進位數字轉換成二進位數字
八轉二時將每一位化成3碼二進位的數值則可轉換十六進位則化為4碼
5 7 6 2. 1 38 = 101 111 110 010. 001 0112
E 8 C 4. B16 = 1110 1000 1100 0100. 10112
二進位轉八或十六進位
把二進位每三碼分隔出來並轉換即可得八進位，每四碼分隔即可得十六進位
011 010 111.101 1002 = 3 2 7. 5 48
八、十六進位互相轉換
先化為二進位表示，即可轉換
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